Chapters_1-2

Chapters_3-6

Chapter_7

Chapter_8 - Appendix B

Appendix C – Figure F-2


Appendix C -- Published Resource Materials

Bolles, R.N. The 1999 What Color Is Your Parachute: A Practical Manual for Job-Hunters and Career-Changers. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press, 1998.

Brown, C.; McDaniel, R.; Couch, R.; and McClenahan, M. Vocational Evaluation Systems and Software: A Consumer's Guide. Menomonie, WI: University of Wisconsin-Stout, 1994.

Farley, R.C. Developing and Enhancing Interview Skills: A Supplemental Manual for the Interviewing Skills Training Workshop. Hot Springs, AR: Arkansas Research and Training Center on Vocational Rehabilitation, 1983.

Hinman, S.; Means, B.; Parkerson, S.; and Odendahl, B. Manual for the Job-Seeking Skills Assessment. Hot Springs, AR: Arkansas Research and Training Center on Vocational Rehabilitation, 1988.

Holland, J.L. Self-Directed Search (SDS) Form R, 4th ed. Tampa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. 1997.

Kapes, J.T.; Mastie, M.M.; and Whitfield, E.A. Counselor's Guide to Career Assessment Instruments, 3rd ed. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association, 1994.

Matrix Research Institute. (many publications) 6008 Wayne Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19144. Tel: (215) 438-8200; Fax: (215) 438-8337; TDD: (215) 438-1506; e-mail: WorkMRI@aol.com; Web site: www.matrixresearch.org/pub2vocrehab.html

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Assessing Client Needs Using the ASI: A Handbook for Program Administrators. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995.

Power, P.W. A Guide to Vocational Assessment, 2nd ed. Austin, TX: PRO-ED, 1991.

U.S. Department of Labor. Manual for the General Aptitude Test Battery, Section III: Development. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970.

U.S. Department of Labor. Guide for Occupational Exploration. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979.

U.S. Department of Labor. Instructions for Administering and Using the Interest Check List. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979.

U.S. Department of Labor. Manual for the USES Interest Inventory. Minneapolis, MN: Intran Corporation, 1982.

Internet Sites

America's Career InfoNet:

http://www.acinet.org/acinet/

America's Labor Market Information System:

http://dwsa.state.ut.us/almis/

Federal Transit Administration:

http://www.fta.dot.gov/wtw

Housing and Urban Development:

http://www.hud.gov/wlfrefrm.html

Matrix Research Institute:

http://www.matrixresearch.org/pub2vocrehab.html

National Clearinghouse of Rehabilitation Training Materials:

www.nchrtm.okstate.edu

National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee:

http://www.noicc.gov/

U.S. Department of Labor:

http://www.dol.gov/

U.S. Department of Labor, Welfare-to-Work:

http://wtw.doleta.gov

Welfare Information Network :

www.welfareinfo.org

Welfare to Work Partnership:

www.welfaretowork.org

Workforce Investment Act of 1998 information:

http://usworkforce.org

Software

Open Options for Windows.

Order from Career Planning Specialists Software, Inc., 362 S. Harvey St., Plymouth, MI 48170. Voice: (313) 459-7348. Fax: (313) 459-9833.

Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP)

Prevention Works! Software.

Appendix D -- Addiction Severity Index

Appendix E -- State Employment Agencies

ALABAMA

Alabama State Employment Service

649 Monroe St, Room 266

Montgomery, AL 36131

Phone: (334) 242-8003; Fax: (334) 242-8012

Web site: http://www.dir.state.al.us/es/

ALASKA

Alaska Career Information System

Alaska Department of Education

801 West 10th Street, Suite 20

Juneau, AK 99801-1894

Phone: (907) 465-2980; Fax: (907) 465-2982

Web site: www.jobs.state.ak.us

ARIZONA

Employment and Rehabilitation Services

Arizona Department of Economic Security

1831 W. Jefferson

Phoenix, AZ 85007

Phone: (602) 542-4941 or (602) 542-5216

Web site: www.azrsa.org/frames.html

ARKANSAS

Arkansas Employment Security Department

#2 Capital Mall, Room 506

ESD Building

Little Rock, AR 72201

Phone: (501) 682-2121; Fax: (501) 682-2273

Web site: www.state.ar.us/esd

CALIFORNIA

The California State Job Training Coordinating Council

800 Capitol Mall, MIC 67

Sacramento, CA 95814

Phone: (916) 654-6836; Fax: (916) 654-8987

Web site: www.sjtcc.cahwnet.gov

COLORADO

Colorado Department of Labor and Employment

Attn: Public Relations

1515 Arapahoe Street, Tower 2, Suite 500

Denver, CO 80202-2117

Phone: (303) 620-4718

Web site: cdle.state.co.us

CONNECTICUT

Employment Training/Connecticut Works

Connecticut Department of Labor

200 Folly Brook Boulevard

Wethersfield, CT 06109

Phone: (888) 289-6757 [(888) CTWORKS]

Web site: www.ctdol.state.ct.us

DELAWARE

Delaware Department of Labor

Division of Employment and Training

First Floor4425 North Market StreetWilmington, DE 19806

Web site: /www.vcnet.net

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Department of Employment Services

Training, Referral and Assessment Office

500 C Street, NW, Room 300Washington, DC 20001

Phone: (202) 724-2300

Web site: http://does.ci.washington.dc.us/seeker.html

FLORIDA

Florida Department of Labor & Employment Security

Division of Vocational Rehabilitation - Bldg A

2002 Old Augustine Road

Tallahassee, FL 32399

Phone: (850) 488-6210 or (850) 488-4398 (general information)

Web site: www.state.fl.us/dles/

GEORGIA

Georgia Department of Labor

Suite 642

148 International Boulevard N.E.

Atlanta, GA 30303-1751

Phone: (404) 656-3032

Web site: www.dol.state.ga.us

HAWAII

Department of Labor and Industrial Relations Workforce Development Division

830 Punchbowl Street

Honolulu, HI 96813

Phone: (808) 586-8842; Fax: (808) 586-9099

Web site: www.dlir.state.hi.us/wdd or

www.aloha.net/~edpso/annual.html

IDAHO

Idaho Department of Labor

317 Main Street

Boise, ID 83735-0600

Phone: (208) 334-6252; Fax: (208) 334-6300

Web site: www.labor.state.id.us

ILLINOIS

Illinois Department of Employment Security

Field Operations

401 S. State Street, 7th North

Chicago, IL 60605

Phone: (312) 793-2713; in Springfield: (217) 785-5069

Web site: www.ides.state.il.us

INDIANA

Department of Workforce Development

10 N. Senate Avenue

Indianopolis, IN 46204

Phone: (317) 232-7670; Fax: (319) 233-4793

Web site: www.dwd.state.in.us

IOWA

Iowa Workforce Development

1000 East Grand Avenue

Des Moines, IA 50319-0209

Phone: (515) 281-5387, 800-JOB-IOWA

Web site: www.state.ia.us/iwd

KANSAS

Kansas Department of Human Resources

1430 SW Topeka Boulevard

Topeka, KS 66612-1897

Phone: (785) 296-1715; Fax: (785) 296-1984

Web site: http://www.hr.state.ks.us

KENTUCKY

Workforce Development Cabinet

Department for Employment Services

275 East Main StreetFrankfort, KY 40621Phone: (502) 564-5331

Web site: www.state.ky.us/agencies/wforce/des/des.htm

LOUISIANA

Louisiana Department of Labor

735 St. Charles Avenue

New Orleans, LA 70130-3713

Phone: (504) 568-7111; Fax: (504) 568-7195

Web site: www.ldol.state.la.us/homepage.htm

MAINE

Department of Labor

Job Service

Bureau of Employment Services

55 State House Station

Augusta, ME 04333-0055

Phone: (207) 624-6390; Fax: (207) 624-6499

Web site: /www.state.me.us/labor/jsd/jobserv.htm

MARYLAND

Maryland Job Service

Division of Employment and Training

Phone: (800) 765-8692

Web site: /www.dllr.state.md.us/employment

MASSACHUSETTS

Massachusetts Division of Employment and Training

19 Staniford Street

Boston, MA 02114

Phone: (617) 727-6560

Web site: www.masscareers.state.ma.us

MICHIGAN

Michigan Department of Career Development

[formerly Michigan Jobs Commission]

201 N. Washington Square

Victor Office Center, 4th Floor

Lansing, MI 48913

Phone: (517) 373-9808

Web site: www.state.mi.us/mjc/ceo

E-mail: Customer-Assistance@state.mi.us

MINNESOTA

Minnesota Department of Economic Security

390 N. Robert Street

St. Paul, MN 55101

Phone: (888) 438-5627

Web site: www.des.state.mn.us

MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi Employment Security Commission

P.O. Box 1699

Jackson, MS 39215-1699

Phone: (601) 354-8711; Fax: (601) 961-7405

Web site: www.mesc.state.ms.us/index.html

MISSOURI

Workforce Development Transition Team

P.O. Box 1928

Jefferson City, MO 65102-1928

Phone: (573) 751-7039; Fax: (573) 751-0147

Web site: wfd-info.works.state.mo.us

MONTANA

Montana Department of Labor and Industry

Job Service Division

Web site: jsd.dli.state.mt.us

NEBRASKA

Nebraska Department of Labor

550 South 16th Street

Lincoln, NE 68509-4600

Phone: (402) 471-2600; Fax: (402) 471-9867

Web site: www.dol.state.ne.us/index.htm

NEVADA

Nevada Department of Employment, Training and Rehabilitation

Information Development and Processing Division

Research & Analysis Bureau

500 E. Third Street

Carson City, NV 89713

Phone: (702) 687-4550

Web site: www.state.nv.us/detr/detr.html

NEW HAMPSHIRE

New Hampshire Employment Security

Web site: www.nhworks.state.nh.us/

NEW JERSEY

New Jersey State Employment & Training Commission

P.O. Box 940

Trenton, NJ 08625-0940

Web site: www.wnjpin.state.nj.us/OneStopCareerCenter/SETC

NEW MEXICO

New Mexico Department of Labor

Employment Security Division

401 Broadway NE

Albuquerque, NM 87102

Web site: www3.state.nm.us/dol/dol_jobs.html

NEW YORK

Workforce Development and Training

New York State Department of Labor

State Campus, Building 12

Albany, NY 12240

Phone: (518) 457-0380; Fax: (518) 457-9526

Web site: http://www.wdsny.org

NORTH CAROLINA

North Carolina Division of Employment & Training

441 N. Harrington Street

Raleigh, NC 27603

Phone: (919) 733-6383

Web site: www.jtpa.state.nc.us

NORTH DAKOTA

Job Service North Dakota

P.O. Box 5507

Bismarck, ND 58506-5507

Phone: (800) 732-9787 or (701) 328-2868;

Fax: (701) 328-4193

Web site: www.state.nd.us/jsnd

OHIO

Ohio Bureau of Employment Services

145 S. Front Street

Columbus, OH 43215

Web site: www.state.oh.us/obes

E-mail: wwwobes@ohio.gov

OKLAHOMA

Oklahoma Employment Security Commission

Will Rogers Office Building

2401 North Lincoln Blvd.

P. O. Box 52003

Oklahoma City, OK 73152-2003

Phone: (405) 557-0200

Web site: /www.oesc.state.ok.us

OREGON

Oregon Employment Department

875 Union Street, N.E.

Salem, OR 97311

Web site: www.emp.state.or.us

PENNSYLVANIA

Career Development Marketplace Unit

c/o Department of Labor and Industry

412 Labor and Industry Building

7th & Forster Streets

Harrisburg, PA 17120

Web site: www.li.state.pa.us/paworks/paworks.html

RHODE ISLAND

Rhode Island Department of Labor and Training

101 Friendship Street

Providence, RI 02903

Phone: (401) 222-3625

Web site: www.dlt.state.ri.us

SOUTH CAROLINA

South Carolina Employment Security Commission

1550 Gadsden Street

Columbia, SC 29202

Web site: www.sces.org

SOUTH DAKOTA

South Dakota Department of Labor

700 Governors Drive

Pierre, SD 57501-2291

Phone: (605) 773-3101; Fax: (605) 773-4211

Web site: www.state.sd.us/dol/dol.htm

TENNESSEE

Tennessee Department of Employment Security

Davy Crockett Tower - 11th Floor

500 James Robertson Parkway

Nashville, TN 37245-1200

Phone: (615) 741-213

Web site: www.state.tn.us/empsec

TEXAS

Texas Workforce Commission

101 E. 15th Street

Austin, TX 78778-8001

Web site: www.twc.state.tx.us

UTAH

Utah Department of Workforce Services

P.O. Box 45249

Salt Lake City, UT 84145-0249

Phone: (801) 526-WORK (9675);

Fax: (801) 536-7420

Web site: www.dws.state.ut.us

VERMONT

Vermont Department of Employment and Training

5 Green Mountain Drive

P.O. Box 488

Montpelier, VT 05601-0488

Phone: (802) 828-4000; Fax: (802) 828-4022

Web site: www.det.state.vt.us

VIRGINIA

Virginia Employment Commission

5520 Cherokee Avenue, Suite 100

Alexandria, VA 22312- 2319

Phone: (703) 813-1300; Fax: (703) 813-1380

Web site: www.vec.state.va.us

WASHINGTON

Washington State Employment Security Department

Commissioner's Office

212 Maple Park Drive

P.O. Box 9046

Olympia, WA 98507-9046

Phone: (360) 902-9301; Fax: (360) 902-9383

Web site: www.wa.gov/esd/esdhome.html

WEST VIRGINIA

West Virginia Bureau of Employment Programs

112 California Avenue

Charleston, WV 25305-0112

Phone: (304) 558-2630

Web site: www.state.wv.us/bep

WISCONSIN

Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development

201 E. Washington Avenue

P.O. Box 7946

Madison, WI 53707-7946

Web site: www.dwd.state.wi.us/default.htm

WYOMING

Wyoming Department of Employment

122 West 25th Street

Cheyenne, WY 82002

Phone: (307) 777-7672

Web site: wydoe.state.wy.us

Appendix F -- Federal Funding Sources

The information about Federal and State funding sources in Figures F-1 and F-2 is intended to illustrate the range of potential Federal funding sources available and should not be regarded as comprehensive. Although every effort was made to ensure that the information was as up-to-date as possible, some information may no longer be current. The information is arranged in the same order as it was presented in the section "Federal and State Funding Sources" in Chapter 6.

Each of the funding sources listed in Figure F-1 has its own eligibility and reporting requirements and funding cycle. Some programs are competitive, whereas others award funding by formula. Although substance abuse treatment programs may not be able to compete directly for some of these funds, they may be able to subcontract with a funded agency. They can also have a crucial advocacy role in deciding funding priorities.

The following acronyms are used in Figure F-1.

  • CHIP = Child Health Insurance Plan
  • DHHS = Department of Health and Human Services
  • DOE = Department of Education
  • DOJ = Department of Justice
  • DOL = Department of Labor
  • DOT = Department of Transportation
  • EZ/EC = Enterprise Zone/Empowerment Community
  • HCFA = Health Care Financing Administration
  • JTPA = Job Training Partnership Act
  • SAPT Block Grant = Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Block Grant
  • SSA = Single State Agency (i.e., the primary State agency responsible for publicly funded substance abuse treatment services)
  • TANF = Temporary Assistance to Needy Families
  • USDA = United States Department of Agriculture
  • VR = Vocational Rehabilitation

Appendix G -- Sample Individualized Written Rehabilitation Program

This Appendix is a 27Kbyte PDF file.

Appendix H -- Resource Panel

Candace Baker

Clinical Affairs Manager

National Association of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counselors

Arlington, Virginia

Elena Carr

Substance Abuse Program Coordinator

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Policy

Department of Labor

Washington, D.C.

Janie Dargan, M.S.N.

Senior Policy Analyst

Office of National Drug Control Policy/ E.O.P.

Washington, D.C.

Marsha Dubose

Supervisory Vocational Rehabilitation Specialist

District Government

Department of Human Services

Rehabilitation Services Administration

Washington, D.C.

Laura Feig, M.P.P.

Social Science Analyst

Division of Children and Youth Policy

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation

Department of Health and Human Services

Washington, D.C.

Sharon L. Gottoui, M.A., L.P.C., C.S.A.C.

Second Genesis, Inc.

Bethesda, Maryland

Jeff A. Hoffman, Ph.D.

President

Danya International, Inc.

Silver Spring, Maryland

Randy T. Hoover, C.A.S., C.A.C.

Vocational Counselor

Second Genesis, Inc.

Crownsville, Maryland

Janice Jordan

Substance Abuse Consultant

Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation and Substance Abuse Services

Richmond, Virginia

Cathy Keiter, M.A.

Media, Pennsylvania

Dennis Moore, Ed.D.

Director

Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Drugs and Disability

Wright State University

Dayton, Ohio

Thomas O'Connell

Division of Self-Sufficiency

Administration on Children and Families

Washington, D.C.

Gwen Rubinstein, M.P.H.

Deputy Director of National Policy

Legal Action Center

Washington, D.C.

Daniel Simpson

HIV/AIDS Coordinator/Alcohol

Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Program Branch

Indian Health Service

Rockville, Maryland

Barbara J. Spoor, M.P.A.

Project Director

American Public Welfare Association

Washington, D.C.

Dora Teimouri, M.Ed.

Rehabilitation Program Specialist

Rehabilitation Services Administration

Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services

U.S. Department of Education

Washington, D.C.

Appendix I -- Field Reviewers

William J. Allen

Deputy Director

Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services

Department of Community Health

Lansing, Michigan

Richard C. Baron, M.A.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Adrienne Bitoy-Jackson

Grants Developer

Grants Administration

Chicago Housing Authority

Chicago, Illinois

Karen Busha, Ed.M.

Treatment Director

Lexington County Residential and Outpatient

Lexington Richland Alcohol and Drug Abuse Council

West Columbia, South Carolina

Susanne Caviness, Ph.D., C.A.P.T., U.S.P.H.S.

Quality Improvement Advisor

Office of Pharmacological and Alternative Therapies

Center for Substance Abuse Treatment

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

Rockville, Maryland

Barbara Cimaglio

Director

Office of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Programs

Oregon Department of Human Resources

Salem, Oregon

Michael Couty, M.S.

Director

Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse

Missouri Department of Mental Health

Jefferson City, Missouri

John Darin

President

The National Association on Drug Abuse Problems, Inc.

New York, New York

Lynn F. Duby, M.S.W.

Director

Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation & Substance Abuse Services

Maine Office of Substance Abuse

Augusta, Maine

Laura Faulconer, M.S.W., M.P.A.

Director, Continuity of Care

Commonwealth of Virginia

Northern Virginia Mental Health Institute

Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation and Substance Abuse

Falls Church, Virginia

Judy Fried, M.A.

Executive Director

Women and Children's Program

Northern Illinois Council on Alcoholism and Substance Abuse

Round Lake, Illinois

Nick Gantes, M.P.A.

Director

James R. Thompson Center

Illinois Department of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse

Chicago, Illinois

Matthew Gissen

President

The Village

Miami, Florida

Sharon L. Gottoui, M.A., L.P.C., C.S.A.C.

Second Genesis

Bethesda, Maryland

James Herrera, M.A., L.P.C.C.

Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions

University of New Mexico

Albuquerque, New Mexico

James Robert Holden, M.A.

Program Director

Partners in Drug Abuse Rehabilitation Counseling

Washington, D.C.

Brandon Hunt, Ph.D., N.C.C., C.R.C.

Assistant Professor

Counselor Education, Counseling Psychology, and Rehabilitation Services

The Pennsylvania State University

University Park, Pennsylvania

Linda S. Janes, C.C.D.C. III

Recovery Services Administrator

Division of Parole and Community Services

Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections

Columbus, Ohio

Linda Kaplan

Executive Director

National Association of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselors

Arlington, Virginia

Cathy Keiter, M.A.

Media, Pennsylvania

Michael W. Kirby, Jr., Ph.D.

Chief Executive Officer

Arapahoe House, Inc.

Thornton, Colorado

Russell P. MacPherson, Ph.D., C.A.P., C.A.P.P., C.C.P., D.A.C., D.V.C.

President

RPM Addiction Prevention Training

Deland, Florida

Marcello Maviglia, M.D.

Albuquerque, New Mexico

Dennis Moore, Ed.D.

Director

Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Drugs and Disability

Wright State University

Dayton, Ohio

Ethel Mull

Vice President

Treatment Alternatives for Special Clients

Chicago, Illinois

Fanny G. Nicholson, C.C.S.W., A.C.S.W., N.C.A.C.I., C.S.A.E.

Alcohol and Drug Specialist

Oconaluftee Job Corps

Cherokee, North Carolina

Larry D. Raper, M.B.A., M.A., C.A.D.C.

Director

Office of Program Compliance and Outcomes Monitoring

Bureau of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Prevention

Arkansas Department of Health

Little Rock, Arkansas

Steve D. Redfield

Executive Director

Strive/Chicago Employment Service

Chicago, Illinois

Gwen Rubinstein, M.P.H.

Deputy Director of National Policy

Legal Action Center

Washington, D.C.

Nancy Siegrist, M.P.A.

Executive Director

Lansing Regional Agency

National Council on Alcoholism

Lansing, Michigan

Tom W. Smith

Health Program Manager

Office of Consumer Affairs

Behavioral Health Services Division

New Mexico Department of Health

Santa Fe, New Mexico

Ruth Delores Smith, C.S.W., M.A., C.A.S.A.C.

Director of Residential Services and Training

VIP Community Services

Bronx, New York

Richard T. Suchinsky, M.D.

Associate Director for Addictive Disorders and Psychiatric Rehabilitation

Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences Services

Department of Veterans Affairs

Washington, D.C.

Sushma Taylor, Ph.D.

Executive Director

Center Point, Inc.

San Rafael, California

Anthony Tusler

Santa Rosa, California

Eileen Wolkstein, Ph.D.

Research Scientist

School of Education

Department of Health Studies

Rehabilitation Counseling Program

New York University

New York, New York

Stephen A. Young

Director

Planning and Development

First Inc.

Winston Salem, North Carolina

Dennis Zimmerman

New York State Office of Alcohol and Substance Abuse Services

Albany, New York

Janet Zwick

Director

Division of Substance Abuse and Health Promotion

Iowa Department of Public Health

Des Moines, Iowa

Figure 1-1: Challenges to Employment

Figure 1-1
Challenges to Employment

Client Obstacles

Personal

  • Substance use (substances used, history and pattern of use, relapse, associated problems)
  • Mental or physical disabilities (psychiatric comorbidity, physical or medical condition, neuropsychiatric disability, cognitive disabilities, HIV/AIDS)
  • Deficits in education and skills (education level, learning disability, literacy, language, computer knowledge, obsolete or low-level job skills, little or no work experience)
  • At-risk history (developmental, familial employment, employment, criminal, loss of parental rights)
  • Unrealistic expectations and attitudes (toward job demands, work habits, authority, capability for self-sufficiency, personal competencies, change, failure, impulse control, delayed gratification)
  • Inadequate income (for clothing, food, transportation, housing, child care, job-related equipment)
  • Work disincentives (from welfare-based income, illicit activities, relatives)
  • Discontinuation of health benefits
  • Crisis lifestyle (illnesses, children's illnesses, violent community, numerous family tragedies and deaths, children's school problems)
  • Learned helplessness or dependence taught to clients over the years
  • "First things first" approach where the client is conflicted about seeking employment and instead encouraged to focus exclusively on sobriety (often this approach is used by 12-Step programs)

Attitudes

  • Negative attitudes toward vocational rehabilitation
  • Negative attitudes toward disability

Interpersonal

  • History of violence or abuse (e.g., domestic, physical, sexual, and psychological abuse; criminal activity)
  • Competing family responsibilities (e.g., child or elder care, disabled family members or relatives)
  • Inadequate social supports (e.g., spousal, familial, peer group, community, institutional)
  • Lack of positive modeling (e.g., peer group, familial/parental, societal)

Substance Abuse Treatment Program-Level Obstacles

Staffing

  • No onsite VR counselor
  • No staff knowledge about or use of available employment and vocational services
  • No staff training in delivery of vocational services
  • Lack of understanding about vocational issues

Client--Counselor Interactions

  • Poor therapeutic relationship
  • Discrepant expectations with respect to vocational goals and needed services
  • Agency and counselor attitude about addressing substance abuse disorder before any other issues (e.g., vocational services)

Resources

  • Inadequate funding for vocational services for clients, staffing, or staff training
  • Inadequate networking with other service providers
  • Fiscal disincentives brought about by clients' loss of Medicaid or other public assistance as a source of payment for treatment services

Policies

  • Lack of commitment to vocational services
  • Vocational services not integrated into substance abuse treatment
  • Inflexible treatment schedules (e.g., not open on weekends or after 5 p.m. during the week)
  • Lack of commitment to individualized planning and treatment

Structural Barriers

Employers and Businesses

  • Biases against hiring persons in substance abuse treatment, with criminal records, on welfare, of particular gender, with disabilities (coexisting), of a certain ethnicity, or with co-occurring mental disorders
  • Unfavorable work environment (see biases above)
  • Inadequate on-the-job-training
  • Inadequate pay scales, promotion policies, or benefit packages
  • Lack of supportive services and information
  • State-required caregiver background checks and inability to work in various jobs because of background regardless of employer's willingness to hire

Welfare to Work

  • Unrealistic expectation regarding client's ability to work now without adequate time to resolve basic problems

Local Labor Market

  • Few entry-level jobs at sufficient pay that offer the prospect of advancement and benefits
  • Difficulties in matching clients to available jobs
  • Lack of, or exclusion from, union membership
  • Jobs located too far away for reasonable transportation time

Local Services

  • Limited personal or public transportation
  • Insufficient safe, affordable housing
  • Inadequate regional or local resources (e.g., day care, schools, accessible medical care, libraries)

Local Employment Programs and Vocational Services

  • Inadequate or out-of-date programs for current labor market needs
  • Unsuitable programs and services (e.g., for clients in substance abuse treatment, women)
  • Insufficient funding for long-term training
  • No focus on job retention problems
  • Premature job placement when client is not ready
  • Waiting lists or other delays in obtaining services
  • Insufficient attention to short-term training to accommodate welfare reform mandates
  • Insufficient coordination between service systems to identify mutual goals, needed collaborative approaches, and means to eliminate structural programmatic behaviors

Funding

  • Work is not a goal for managed care or other insurance and therefore is not funded

Sources: French et al., 1992; Platt, 1995; Wolkstein and Spiller, 1998; Woolis, 1998.

Figure 1-2: Strategies for Promoting Employment

Figure 1-2
Strategies for Promoting Employment

Job Placement Strategies

  • Job search assistance, either in a group setting or through one-on-one counseling or coaching, sometimes through "job clubs" with workshops, access to phone banks, and peer support.
  • Self-directed job search, where individuals search and apply for jobs on their own. Sometimes individuals must submit a log of their job contacts.
  • Job development and placement, where program staff members identify or develop job openings for participants. Counselors refer individuals to openings, often using computerized job banks. In more intensive models, staff members develop relationships with specific firms, gaining knowledge of potential job openings or commitments to hire through the program.

Job Training Strategies

  • Classroom occupational training, by training or educational institutions such as community colleges or vocational schools, community-based organizations, or nonprofit or for-profit training centers. Training may include formal postsecondary programs leading to certification or licensing in a particular occupation.
  • On-the-job training with public or private sector employers, who usually receive a subsidy to cover a portion of the wages paid during the training period. The employer subsidy may be drawn from welfare or food stamp payments that otherwise would have been paid to the individual recipient.
  • Use of a mentor, who provides support to the client within the work setting. A mentor could be someone who went through substance abuse treatment and is now working.

Broad Education Strategies

  • Remedial education, such as preparation for the general equivalency diploma (GED), basic skills instruction in reading and mathematics, or English-language classes for persons whose primary language is not English, and computer-skills building.
  • Postsecondary degree programs (e.g., associate's or bachelor's degree), generally financed by grants, Federal loans, or scholarships.

Mixed Strategies

  • Vocational training plus basic skills, either in the workplace or in instructional centers/classes.
  • Supported work experience, with pre-employment preparation, assignment to public jobs, and gradually increasing hours and work responsibility combined with ongoing counseling, education, and peer support.

Source: Nightingale and Holcomb, 1997.

Figure 2-1: Vocational Services Provided to a Residential Treatment Facility

Figure 2-1
Vocational Services Provided to a Residential Treatment Facility

The Virginia Department of Rehabilitative Services provides a full-time VR counselor (perceived by residents as a staff member) to support the integration of vocational strategies into residential therapeutic communities. The counselor works closely with the treatment provider, who collaborates in the development of a VR plan. Clients are referred to the counselor for planning and assessment, which include the administration of aptitude tests that often uncover learning disabilities. An array of services, listed below, is then provided based on the client's individual needs.

  • Vocational evaluation, including aptitude, skill level, and interest testing
  • Research on jobs of interest to clients and help in arranging informational interviews, along with career counseling
  • Referral to training and education or apprenticeship programs
  • A week-long program in job-seeking skills, including role-playing and videotaped interviews
  • An informal job club with ongoing group sessions to support people looking for work; participants keep a log of their accomplishments and discuss the problems related to reentering the workforce
  • Employer outreach and marketing to raise awareness of the availability of this pool of prospective employees
  • Job placement services that allow for funding of on-the-job training experiences and tax credits for employers
  • Assistance in purchasing work clothes or tools required for entry into a job
  • After employment, a "reentry support" group that meets at night during a work adjustment period

Figure 2-2: Vocational Information From Initial Screen

Figure 2-2
Vocational Information From Initial Screen

Educational History Write a brief description of the client's educational history in order to evaluate current academic functioning and potential to engage in training that could range from remedial to advanced. The history should include the following information:

  • Highest school grade completed, and when
  • Client attitude toward education and possible future training (verbal report may differ from behavior with some clients)
  • Favorite subjects, and why
  • Extracurricular activities
  • Potential for future education and/or training

Standardized achievement tests of math, reading, and general learning ability are often used to augment interview questions. The client's educational history can also be used to indicate vocation-related interests and values.

Vocational History Write a brief description of the client's work history in order to estimate current and potential vocational functioning. Ask questions addressing the following:

  • Types of occupations in which the client has worked
  • Chronology of jobs within the last 15 years, including job title, name of employer, length of employment at each job, and primary job duties
  • Reasons for leaving each job
  • Client-identified work skills and any certifications or licenses held
  • Client's perception of relationships with supervisors and coworkers
  • Favorite and least favorite jobs, and why
  • Work-related ambitions and goals

Figure 2-3: Assessment Tools

Figure 2-3
Assessment Tools

Screening Vocational Interests

Measures/Approaches (not all-inclusive)

Categories of interests

  • Geist Picture Interest Inventory
  • Kuder Occupational Interest Survey
  • Reading-Free Vocational Interest Inventory
  • The Self-Directed Search
  • Strong Interest Inventory
  • Vocational Preference Inventory Interest Checklist
  • Wide Range Interest Opinion Test

Vocational functioning

  • Addiction Severity Index
  • Career Attitudes and Strategies Inventoryú
  • Career Thoughts Inventoryú
  • My Vocational Situation
  • Wonderlic Basic Skills Test
  • Work Potential Profile

Functioning in particular areas related to employability

  • Addiction Severity Index
  • Employability evaluation
  • Employability plan
  • Interview information
  • Placement readiness checklist
  • Previous work experience
  • Readiness planning checklist

Emotional functioning

  • Interview information
  • Tennessee Self-Concept Scale
  • The Psychological Screening Inventory
  • Verified work history

Intellectual and aptitude functioning

  • Addiction Severity Index
  • Adult Basic Learning Examination (ABLE)
  • Educational experience and records
  • General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)
  • Microcomputer Evaluation, Screening, and Assessment (MESA)
  • Minnesota Clerical Test
  • Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test
  • Revised Beta Examination
  • Slosson Intelligence Test
  • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R)
  • Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT)

Source: Adapted from Power, 1991.

 

Figure 2-4: Prevocational Counseling Activities

Figure 2-4
Prevocational Counseling Activities

Psychosocial-spiritual development

  • Keep a diary of daily activities.
  • Participate in role-playing exercises (e.g., for developing interpersonal communication skills, expressing needs and wants without appearing demanding).
  • Complete values clarification, skills assessment, and personal traits exercises.

Career exploration

  • Generate an autobiography on vocational and educational experiences.
  • Visit community resources, including libraries, stores, businesses.
  • Read newspapers for a specific purpose (e.g., employment trends, want ads).
  • Watch educational and interactive programs to stimulate discussion and practice new behavior.

Structured activity

  • Take a battery of vocational tests.
  • Pursue and perform volunteer assignments.
  • Take continuing education courses to determine and validate interests.
  • Write a résumé.

Source: Adapted from Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Drugs and Disability, 1996.

Figure 2-5: Job Search Resources: America's Job Bank on the Internet

Figure 2-5
Job Search Resources: America's Job Bank on the Internet

America's Job Bank (www.ajb.dni.us) is a partnership between the DOL and State-operated employment services. This computerized network links State employment service offices to provide jobseekers with the largest pool of active job opportunities available anywhere, plus nationwide exposure for their résumés. For employers it provides rapid, national exposure for job openings and an easily accessed pool of candidates. The AJB Web site is available on computer systems in public libraries, colleges and universities, high schools, shopping malls, and other public places.

Every day, AJB receives new job listings from the States, and the Internet database is updated each night. On average, more than 5,000 new jobs are received daily from the States. Also, thousands of employers enter their jobs directly into the system in real time. Typically, more than 3,000 new jobs are received directly from employers daily.

In addition to the AJB, there are three other sections to explore on this Web site:

  • America's Talent Bank (www.ajb.dni.us). This is a nationwide electronic résumé system. Jobseekers enter résumés into this national network, which is then searched by employers for workers who meet their needs.
  • America's Career InfoNet (www.acinet.org). This is a comprehensive source of occupational and economic information. It contains information about general outlook, wages, trends, State profiles, and a resource library.
  • America's Learning eXchange (www.alx.org). This is an online source for training and education resources. Jobseekers can find a myriad of training opportunities, including traditional classroom-based training, leading-edge distance learning, Web-based instruction, and multimedia instructional materials (e.g., CD-ROM, video).

Figure 2-6: Vocational Opportunities of Cherokee, Inc.: Rehabilitation Facility Providing Primarily Onsite Services

Figure 2-6
Vocational Opportunities of Cherokee, Inc.:
Rehabilitation Facility Providing Primarily Onsite Services

Vocational Opportunities of Cherokee, Inc., offers both supported and sheltered employment for Native Americans with severe disabilities. Clients are referred to the program by social welfare programs; alcohol and drug treatment providers; medical treatment providers; the Women, Infants, and Children Program; and other sources.

Following an assessment, the individual reviews job descriptions and chooses a field of work. Detailed evaluations of the individual's capabilities, if needed, can take up to 18 months. All clients receive a basic training program that includes commonly needed skills, such as conflict resolution and grooming. The client then receives appropriate training in the chosen field and to enhance his functional capabilities. He begins with jobs requiring lower dexterity and skill and moves up to more complex jobs as capabilities increase.

The program includes the following services:

  • Evaluation
  • Counseling and guidance
  • Physical and mental restoration
  • Culturally appropriate social activities for the client and her family
  • Vocational and other training services
  • Transportation
  • Services to the family members of the client
  • Interpreter and note-taking services for the deaf
  • Readers, rehabilitation teachers, and note-taking for the blind
  • Telecommunication, sensory, and other technological devices
  • Recruitment and training services for public service employment
  • Placement and suitable employment
  • Postemployment services to enable the client to maintain, regain, or advance in employment
  • Occupational licenses, tools, equipment, initial stocks, and supplies
  • Rehabilitation engineering services; other goods and services

The program employs three counselors, a job coach, and three trainer/managers. It is funded by the State VR agency and by tribal funds. The industrial training floor is operated through contracts with private employers. Some clients also perform contract work, such as grounds care for Federal buildings.

Figure 2-7: The Michigan Drug Addiction and Alcoholism Referral and Monitoring Agency: A Case Management Model

Figure 2-7
The Michigan Drug Addiction and Alcoholism Referral and Monitoring Agency:
A Case Management Model

The Michigan Drug Addiction and Alcoholism Referral and Monitoring Agency (DAARMA) operated under Michigan Rehabilitation Services of the Michigan Jobs Commission until it was eliminated by changes in Social Security and Medicaid. The program served clients receiving Supplemental Security Income who had substance use disorders in addition to other disabilities. Its purpose was to help these clients return to the workforce by ensuring that they had the tools necessary to achieve full rehabilitation and self-sufficiency. This program description is retained because it has many transferable elements.

The program was a three-way partnership between the alcohol and drug counselor, DAARMA, and the vocational rehabilitation services agency. The partners were cross-trained: the State treatment provider agency gave a 6-week intensive training program on substance use disorders for all staff and in turn received training on Medicare rules and on the counseling rehabilitation model. Written agreements documented the partnership. Collaborating agencies made joint decisions on the appropriate timing for the introduction of vocational rehabilitation services. Services generally were introduced as soon as the clients were "clean" and their condition stabilized. The time required for the referral and monitoring process in the Michigan program ranged from 2 to 5 years. The program operated on several principles:

  • Careful, comprehensive recovery plans focusing on full rehabilitation and a return to the workforce are essential if the program is to be successful and cost-effective.
  • The effectiveness of a recovery plan is only as good as the quality of partnership between the beneficiary's therapist and the referral and monitoring agency counselor.
  • For the treatment plan to be successful, the beneficiary must be an active partner in the accomplishment of his own recovery and must be held accountable for his actions.

The case management program included the following elements:

  • A preliminary intake to determine clients' needs. Based on the intake results, some clients were referred to a residential program for detoxification.
  • Counseling to ensure that clients understood the program's benefits and the sanctions that could be imposed for noncompliance.
  • Periodic progress reports involving the clinician and, for corrections clients, the corrections officer.
  • Individualized referral to, and coordination of, all services needed to sustain the client's full recovery and rehabilitation (i.e., substance use, physical and/or mental health treatment, habilitation and rehabilitation services, other supportive social services).
  • Tools to monitor compliance, including drug testing.

Compliance issues included the following:

  • A distinction between noncompliance and relapse. A client who relapsed might continue to receive benefits while attempting to return to treatment, whereas a client who missed appointments regularly might have her cash benefits temporarily suspended. The ability to suspend benefits gave the program a high success rate.
  • Loss of 1 month's benefits the first time a client was noncompliant, 2 months of checks for the second noncompliance, and 3 months of checks for the third noncompliance (which seldom occurred).
  • During the first year of the program, 53 percent of the participants were noncompliant; however, 72 percent of them returned within 30 days after losing their first checks.

Social Security funded the case management and monitoring function, Michigan Jobs Commission Rehabilitation Services funded the cost of rehabilitation services, and Medicaid funded treatment services. The DAARMA's case management cost per case was $350 per year. One month's benefit check for one individual without dependents was $457. Thus, successful rehabilitation saved the General Fund a minimum of $5,500 per year, per case, in cash benefits. In cases of noncompliance, 1 month's benefit suspension ($457) saved the cost of case management of a case for an entire year. The average cost of rehabilitation services for substance use disorder clients averaged about $1,200 per case.

Figure 2-8: Combating Alcohol and Drugs Through Rehabilitation and Education (CADRE)

Figure 2-8
Combating Alcohol and Drugs Through Rehabilitation and Education (CADRE)

Limited Case Management/Rehabilitation Support for a Public Housing Community



Fourteen CADRE centers provide prevention and intervention services, operating in 12 Chicago Housing Authority (CHA) developments. Each conducts intake assessment and makes referrals for substance abuse treatment for the community and helps residents to move toward self-sufficiency. As part of these services, residents may receive vocational services on a voluntary basis. Participants are self-referred as a result of flyers distributed door to door or are referred by various social service agencies that work with CHA residents. Each center has a director, one case manager (who is a State-certified alcohol and drug counselor), two prevention specialists, and a general clerk. Programs are funded by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Public Housing Drug Elimination Program through a grant to CHA's in-house employment and training program

The CADRE centers make available the following vocational services:

  • Job readiness programs that teach participants how to write a résumé, how to look for a job, how to dress for a job, and similar skills
  • Job fairs where local businesses take applications and résumés
  • Recovery support groups (not geared specifically to employment)
  • Access to job-hunting resources such as a telephone, fax machine, computers, and the Internet
  • Job training provided through outside consultants

Figure 2-9: The Texas Workforce Commission: Project RIO (Re-Integration of Offenders)

Figure 2-9
The Texas Workforce Commission: Project RIO (Re-Integration of Offenders)

Project RIO is administered by the Texas Workforce Commission in collaboration with the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ), the Windham School District, and the Texas Youth Commission (TYC). One goal of the project is to link education, training, and employment during incarceration with employment, training, and education after release from prison. Another goal is to reduce the rearrest rate through employment.

Program participants receive services both pre- and postrelease from prison. An individualized treatment plan is developed for each offender to identify a career path and to guide placement decisions. Before release, a comprehensive evaluation is conducted to assess the needs of the offender and to assist in the selection and placement in Windham, college, TDCJ, and TYC programs. The evaluation process is a multistep process that includes information gathering, goal setting, program placement, and offender assessment.

Project RIO staff members encourage participants to take advantage of the education and vocational services and assist offenders in obtaining the documents necessary for employment. Staff also provides placement services to give offenders practical work experience in their areas of training.

After release, program participants receive individualized services, including job preparation and job search assistance. Participants attend job search workshops that focus on basic skills, such as completing a job application, preparing a résumé, and building interview skills through mock job interviews. The most important goal of the Project RIO program is for ex-offenders to secure employment as soon as possible after their release.

Project RIO also involves employers in the community. Program staff ensures that potential employers are aware of the incentives for hiring ex-offenders. The staff certifies prospective employees for the Work Opportunity Tax Credit program, which provides a tax incentive to employers for hiring economically disadvantaged ex-offenders.

Figure 2-10: Basic Materials for a Vocational Reference Library

Figure 2-10
Basic Materials for a Vocational Reference Library

VR counselors use a variety of resources to help clients find jobs. The following is a list of basic materials that a counselor should have available. Although not all programs can afford an Internet hookup to access online employment-related information, they should identify locations where clients can obtain Internet access, such as schools and public libraries.

DOL Documents

  • Guide for Occupational Exploration
  • Dictionary of Occupational Titles
  • Occupational Outlook Handbook

Local Resources

  • Local newspaper classified ads
  • Local telephone directories
  • Catalog of employer profiles
  • Contact information (address, phone number of personnel department) of
    • The largest employers in the area
    • The employers who hire the largest number of local workers
    • The fastest growing local employers
    • Employee Assistance